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Stress inhibits immune cells

10.05.2021

The connection between the immune and sympathetic nervous systems has been studied for a long time. It is known that in the immune organs (for example, in the spleen and in the lymph nodes) there are sympathetic nerve fibers. But the main immune work is performed by special cells that wander through the tissues and synthesize a huge amount of signal proteins. How does the nervous system affect them? Sympathetic neurons work with the help of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine. Employees of the University of Melbourne found that norepinephrine literally slows down T-cells - because of it, they begin to move more slowly.

Experiments were performed with mice, in which it was possible to follow the movements of T-lymphocytes directly in the lymph nodes. In general, T-cells crawl quite quickly. But after they received the norepinephrine signal, they practically froze in place and pulled in protrusions of the cell membrane that help them move and with which they seem to feel everything around them. The cells stopped a few minutes after the norepinephrine signal, and began to move again after 45-60 minutes.

The sympathetic nervous system also slows down other immune cells, such as B-lymphocytes and dendritic cells - it is possible that the same norepinephrine mechanism works with them as with T-cells. It is also known that if sympathetic nerve fibers are specifically stimulated, immune cells will react worse to the herpes virus, plasmodium malarial and malignant melanoma cells. From this, far-reaching conclusions can be drawn about how chronic stress - and many of us constantly live in chronic stress - plays into the hands of viral (and not only viral) infections and cancer cells.

In heart failure and obesity, the sympathetic nervous system is already more active than usual. The treatment of certain diseases - allergies, asthma, general blood poisoning - involves the stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system. The question arises how immunity behaves in such diseases and with such treatment.

Further experiments will have to find out how much sympathetic norepinephrine slows down immune cells in humans, and whether it is possible, in which case, to restore mobility to our lymphocytes so that they can again work as they should.

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