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Removing paint from an etched board. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

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Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Ham Radio Technologies

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After etching the board blank, the nitro-paint that has already become unnecessary, covering the conductors, is removed either mechanically (cleaned with sandpaper, a knife blade) or with solvents (a swab soaked, for example, in acetone). The second method is used much more often, since it reliably ensures the safety of printed conductors.

However, such a simple process sometimes stretches for a long time, you have to spend quite a lot of solvent, and yet noticeable traces of paint remain on the board. I suggest using a piece of hard foam rubber instead of a swab and accompanying the acetone paint removal with a warm water rinse.

As a result, boards remain clean, solvent is used more carefully and time is saved.

Author: I. Rudzik, Khmelnitsky, Ukraine

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Communication with sleepers 01.03.2021

New scientific experiments have demonstrated the ability to ask questions to a person in a lucid dream - and even get the right answers to them.

Some special techniques and mental states allow you to experience lucid dreams, in which a person understands that he is in a dream, and can even control its content. This is a very curious phenomenon that opens up completely unique possibilities for studying sleep. Scientists have been able to demonstrate that a connection can be established between a lucid dreamer and the real world.

Until now, such contacts have remained one-way: having plunged into a lucid dream, people could communicate this with eye movements or perform a prearranged task. But recently a connection has been shown in both directions: people heard the questions of the experimenters and answered them while remaining in a dream.

The work involved several teams of scientists from Europe and the United States, led by Ken Paller (Ken Paller) from the US Northwestern University. They conducted experiments with 35 volunteers who had various lucid dream experiences and another who had narcolepsy and was lucid in his sleep due to a neurological disorder.

Electrodes attached to the head, cheeks and near the eyes made it possible to register the onset of the REM (paradoxical) sleep phase, during which dreams come. Commands were transmitted to the experimental subjects using voice, and eye movements and facial expressions served as feedback, which the sleepers could partially control. For example, they were asked to subtract six from eight - and the subjects answered "two", moving their eyes twice from left to right.

In most cases (approximately 60 per cent), contact could not be made. In 20 percent of the experiments, the answers obtained were incorrect or unclear. However, about 18 percent accounted for certain and reliable communications with sleepers. Moreover, when they woke up, they often remembered the experience. According to the volunteers, the questions sounded in a dream, like a voiceover. However, they did not always reproduce what happened exactly and sometimes they did not name the questions that they were asked.

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