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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Section 3. Protection and automation Automation and telemechanics. Telemechanics
Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Rules for the installation of electrical installations (PUE) 3.3.88. Telemechanics means (telecontrol, telesignaling, telemetering and teleregulation) should be used for dispatching control of geographically dispersed electrical installations connected by a common mode of operation and their control. A prerequisite for the use of telemechanics is the availability of technical and economic feasibility (improving the efficiency of dispatch control, i.e. improving the maintenance of modes and production processes, accelerating the elimination of violations and accidents, increasing the efficiency and reliability of electrical installations, improving the quality of generated energy, reducing the number of operating personnel and the refusal of the constant duty of personnel, the reduction of the area of industrial premises, etc.). Telemechanics facilities can also be used for teletransmission of signals from ARCHM systems, emergency automation and other system regulation and control devices. 3.3.89. The volumes of telemechanization of electrical installations should be determined by industry or departmental regulations and set together with the volumes of automation. At the same time, telemechanization facilities should primarily be used to collect information about the operating modes, the state of the main switching equipment, changes in the event of emergency modes or conditions, as well as to monitor the implementation of orders for the production of switching (scheduled, repair, operational) or maintenance of operational modes. personnel). When determining the volume of telemechanization of electrical installations without constant personnel on duty, the possibility of using the simplest telesignaling (emergency warning telesignaling for two or more signals) should be considered first of all. 3.3.90. Telecontrol should be provided to the extent necessary for the centralized solution of tasks to establish reliable and cost-effective modes of operation of electrical installations operating in complex networks, if these tasks cannot be solved by means of automation. Telecontrol should be used at facilities without permanent personnel on duty; it may be used at facilities with permanent personnel on duty, subject to frequent and effective use. For remotely controlled electrical installations, telecontrol operations, as well as the operation of protection and automation devices, should not require additional operational switching on the spot (with the departure or call of operational personnel). With approximately equivalent costs and technical and economic indicators, preference should be given to automation over telecontrol. 3.3.91. Telesignaling should be provided:
Telesignaling from electrical installations that are under the operational control of several control rooms, as a rule, should be transmitted to a higher control room by retransmission or selection from a lower control room. The information transmission system, as a rule, should be performed with no more than one relay stage. For remote signaling of the state or position of the equipment of electrical installations, as a rule, one auxiliary contact or a repeater relay contact should be used as a sensor. 3.3.92. Telemetry should ensure the transmission of the main electrical or technological parameters (characterizing the operating modes of individual electrical installations) necessary to establish and control the optimal operating modes of the entire power supply system as a whole, as well as to prevent or eliminate possible emergency processes. Telemetry of the most important parameters, as well as the parameters required for subsequent retransmission, summation or registration, should be performed, as a rule, continuous. The system for transmitting telemetry to higher control rooms, as a rule, should be performed with no more than one relay stage. Telemetry of parameters that do not require constant monitoring should be carried out periodically or on call. When performing telemetry, the need for local reading of parameters at controlled points should be taken into account. Measuring transducers (telemetering sensors) that provide local readout of readings, as a rule, should be installed instead of panel instruments, if the measurement accuracy class is maintained (see also chapter 1.6). 3.3.93. The volumes of telemechanization of electrical installations, the requirements for telemechanics devices and communication channels (teletransmission path) when using telemechanics for the purposes of telecontrol are determined in terms of accuracy, reliability and delay of information by the project for automatic control of frequency and power flows in the unified power systems. Telemeasurements of the parameters required for the automatic frequency and power flow control system must be carried out continuously. The teletransmission path used to measure power flows, as well as to transmit teleregulation signals to the main or a group of regulating power plants, as a rule, must have a duplicated telemechanics channel consisting of two independent channels. In telemechanics devices, protections must be provided that affect the automatic control system in case of various damages in telemechanics devices or channels. 3.3.94. In each individual case, the feasibility of jointly solving telemechanization issues (especially in the implementation of telemechanics channels and control rooms) in the systems of electrical, gas, water, heat and air supply and street lighting, control and management of production processes should be considered. 3.3.95. For large substations and power plants with a large number of generators and at considerable distances from the engine room, booster substation and other structures of the power plant to the central control point, if it is technically feasible, it is necessary to provide means of on-site telemechanization. The volume of intra-object telemechanization facilities should be selected in accordance with the requirements of the technological management of power plants, as well as with technical and economic indicators for a specific design. 3.3.96. With the joint use of various telemechanics systems at one control room, the operations performed by the dispatcher should, as a rule, be the same. 3.3.97. When using telemechanics devices, it shall be possible to switch off on the spot:
3.3.98. External connections of telemechanics devices must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of Ch. 3.4. 3.3.99. Electrical measuring instruments-converters (telemetering sensors), being stationary electrical measuring instruments, must be installed in accordance with Ch. 1.6. 3.3.100. As telemechanics channels, used for other purposes or independent wired (cable and air, sealed and unpacked) channels, high-frequency channels over overhead lines and distribution networks, radio and radio relay communication channels can be used. The choice of a method for organizing telemechanics channels, the use of existing or organization of independent channels, the need for redundancy should be determined by technical and economic feasibility and the required reliability. 3.3.101. For the rational use of telemechanics equipment and communication channels, while ensuring the necessary reliability and reliability of information transmission, it is allowed: 1. Telemetering of the power of several parallel power lines of the same voltage should be performed as one telemetering of the total power. 2. For on-call telemetry at a controlled point, use common devices for homogeneous measurements, and at control points - common devices for measurements coming from different controlled points; at the same time, the possibility of simultaneous transmission or reception of measurements should be excluded. 3. To reduce the scope of telemeasurements, consider the possibility of replacing them with remote signaling of the limit values of monitored parameters or signaling devices and recording parameter deviations from the established norm. 4. For simultaneous transmission of continuous telemetry and telesignaling, use complex telemechanics devices. 5. The operation of one telemechanics transmitter for several control points, as well as one telemechanics device for a control center for several controlled points, in particular for collecting information in urban and rural distribution networks. 6. Retransmission of telesignaling and telemetering from traction substations to the control room of the electric grid enterprise from the control rooms of sections of electrified railways. 3.3.102. The power supply of telemechanics devices (both main and backup) at dispatching and controlled points must be carried out together with the power supply of the equipment of communication channels and telemechanics. Backup power supply of telemechanics devices at controlled points with operational alternating current should be provided in the presence of redundancy sources (other sections of bus systems, backup inputs, batteries for communication channel devices, voltage transformers at the inputs, selection from communication capacitors, etc.). If redundant power sources for any other purposes are not provided, then, as a rule, redundant power supply for telemechanics devices should not be provided. The backup power supply of telemechanics devices at controlled points, which have batteries of operational current, must be carried out through converters. Backup power for telemechanics devices installed at the control rooms of unified power systems and power grid enterprises should be provided from independent sources (batteries with DC-to-AC converters, internal combustion engine-generator) together with communication and telemechanics channel devices. The transition to work from backup power sources in the event of a power failure of the main sources should be automated. The need for redundant power supply at the control rooms of industrial enterprises should be determined depending on the requirements for ensuring the reliability of power supply. 3.3.103. All equipment and remote control panels must be marked and installed in places convenient for operation.
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