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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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Annex 3.1. The number of operations when testing contactors and automatic machines by repeated switching on and off. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

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Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Rules for the technical operation of consumer electrical installations (PTE)

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Table 38

Operation Operating current voltage, % of nominal Number of operations
Включение 90 5
Enabling and disabling 100 5
Disconnecting 80 10

See other articles Section Rules for the technical operation of consumer electrical installations (PTE).

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Underground pipe repair 07.03.2010

Leaky water pipes in the world's cities waste 88 billion liters of purified water every day, according to the World Bank. Experts consider it acceptable to lose 3500 liters of water per day per kilometer of main pipes. To cope with even such "small" losses, it is necessary either to change the entire system, or to reduce the water pressure in the water supply.

Israel has proposed a new way to deal with cracks in underground main pipes. The water in the area is turned off. A "coupling" of two pistons made of elastic material is launched into the pipe. Between them is a viscous solution of a special composition.

Water pressure drives this system through the pipe. When it crawls up to the crack, the pressure of water squeezes out a little repair mixture into the crack, which soon hardens. After that, it is necessary to wash the pipes and again let the water into the residential areas.

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