Operational amplifier tester. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering
Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Measuring technology
Comments on the article
You can check the performance of the operational amplifier by turning it on as a simple square-wave generator. The figure shows a diagram that allows you to implement this method in practice.
When button S1 is pressed, the input of the op-amp maintains a reference voltage obtained from the output voltage through the voltage divider R2/R3. The current through resistor R1 is used to charge capacitor C1 until the voltage level at the inverting input reaches the reference voltage level. The op amp now acts as a comparator, its output level changing state, thus producing a reference voltage of opposite polarity. The charge current for C1 will then flow in the opposite direction until the new reference voltage is reached and the whole cycle is repeated.
When the output is high, transistor T1 will be turned on and LED D1 will be lit. Conversely, when the output is low, transistor T2 is on and LED D2 is lit.
The transistors are connected so that other op amps with the same pinout but less output current than the 741 IC can be tested.
The tester requires positive and negative power supplies to operate. Satisfactory operation is ensured by the use of two 9-volt batteries.
See other articles Section Measuring technology.
Read and write useful comments on this article.
<< Back
Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:
Machine for thinning flowers in gardens
02.05.2024
In modern agriculture, technological progress is developing aimed at increasing the efficiency of plant care processes. The innovative Florix flower thinning machine was presented in Italy, designed to optimize the harvesting stage. This tool is equipped with mobile arms, allowing it to be easily adapted to the needs of the garden. The operator can adjust the speed of the thin wires by controlling them from the tractor cab using a joystick. This approach significantly increases the efficiency of the flower thinning process, providing the possibility of individual adjustment to the specific conditions of the garden, as well as the variety and type of fruit grown in it. After testing the Florix machine for two years on various types of fruit, the results were very encouraging. Farmers such as Filiberto Montanari, who has used a Florix machine for several years, have reported a significant reduction in the time and labor required to thin flowers.
... >>
Advanced Infrared Microscope
02.05.2024
Microscopes play an important role in scientific research, allowing scientists to delve into structures and processes invisible to the eye. However, various microscopy methods have their limitations, and among them was the limitation of resolution when using the infrared range. But the latest achievements of Japanese researchers from the University of Tokyo open up new prospects for studying the microworld. Scientists from the University of Tokyo have unveiled a new microscope that will revolutionize the capabilities of infrared microscopy. This advanced instrument allows you to see the internal structures of living bacteria with amazing clarity on the nanometer scale. Typically, mid-infrared microscopes are limited by low resolution, but the latest development from Japanese researchers overcomes these limitations. According to scientists, the developed microscope allows creating images with a resolution of up to 120 nanometers, which is 30 times higher than the resolution of traditional microscopes. ... >>
Air trap for insects
01.05.2024
Agriculture is one of the key sectors of the economy, and pest control is an integral part of this process. A team of scientists from the Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Central Potato Research Institute (ICAR-CPRI), Shimla, has come up with an innovative solution to this problem - a wind-powered insect air trap. This device addresses the shortcomings of traditional pest control methods by providing real-time insect population data. The trap is powered entirely by wind energy, making it an environmentally friendly solution that requires no power. Its unique design allows monitoring of both harmful and beneficial insects, providing a complete overview of the population in any agricultural area. “By assessing target pests at the right time, we can take necessary measures to control both pests and diseases,” says Kapil ... >>
| Random news from the Archive A new type of strange quasicrystals
17.01.2019
Physicists and chemists at Brown University have for the first time created a self-assembling quasi-crystal lattice, consisting of quantum dots of a strictly defined shape. Similar quasicrystalline lattices have already been described mathematically and calculated in the course of complex computer simulations more than once, but no one has previously been able to demonstrate their creation, as they say, live.
We remind our readers that crystals are structures consisting of homogeneous components and possessing symmetry in one or more spatial coordinates. In other words, if we take any section of the crystal and shift it to a certain distance along the axis of symmetry, then the structure of the shifted section will completely coincide with the structure of the "unshifted" section. Quasicrystals do not have such a symmetry, their components are arranged in space in an ordered manner, but the structure of a quasicrystal does not repeat itself.
The mathematical description of quasicrystals is quite easy to create, but, as previously thought, the creation of aperiodic crystal structures in reality is impossible. Some time ago, scientists have already observed signs of the existence of quasi-crystals in aluminum alloys that have gone through a complex process of synthesis and heat treatment, and this fact was the first confirmation of the possibility of their existence. At present, the fact of the existence of quasicrystals is considered already proven, and they are considered a new potentially useful type of material.
So let's get back to the material created at Brown University. Interestingly, scientists initially did not even think about quasicrystals, their task was to find new methods for building macrostructures from nanosized components. One of the types of components was a pyramidal quantum dot, a tetrahedral particle, about one nanometer in size. Preliminary calculations have shown that such a shape will allow "packing" in a certain volume of space a greater number of such particles than particles of a traditional spherical shape.
Tetrahedral particles had one more feature, they behaved and interacted with neighboring particles in different ways, depending on their current spatial orientation. And as a result of this, after a while, all the particles spontaneously ordered, creating a complex structure, which is known as a quasi-transparent superlattice.
Electron microscope studies of this structure have shown that the particles form decagonal patterns, united by a symmetry of a kind never found in traditional crystals. The only exception is the boundaries of the material, where, in order to optimally fill the space, the particles are combined into patterns with fewer corners.
|
Other interesting news:
▪ The danger of too much sleep
▪ PHILIPS introduced its mirror TVs in Russia
▪ Transcend SSD2,5N 250" NAS Drives
▪ Battery of the future without sodium anode
▪ Helium-filled consumer HDDs from Western Digital
News feed of science and technology, new electronics
Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:
▪ site section Measuring equipment. Article selection
▪ Article Toaster. History of invention and production
▪ article How was Teflon invented? Detailed answer
▪ article Rooster millet. Legends, cultivation, methods of application
▪ article DDS generator. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering
▪ article Bridge UMZCH with BSIT. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering
Leave your comment on this article:
All languages of this page
Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews
www.diagram.com.ua
2000-2024
Arabic
Bengali
Chinese
English
French
German
Hebrew
Hindi
Italian
Japanese
Korean
Malay
Polish
Portuguese
Spanish
Turkish
Ukrainian
Vietnamese