Solar modules. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Alternative energy sources

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Solar modules are the main component for building photovoltaic systems (PV systems). They can be made with any output voltage.

After the solar cells are selected (see section Solar cells) - they need to be soldered. Serial elements are equipped with current-collecting grids for soldering conductors to them. Batteries can be made in any combination.

The simplest battery is a chain of series-connected cells.

You can connect these chains in parallel, getting the so-called series-parallel connection. In parallel, only chains (lines) with identical voltage can be connected, while their currents, according to Kirchhoff's law, are summed up.

When used on the ground, they are usually used to charge rechargeable batteries (batteries) with a nominal voltage of 12 V. In this case, as a rule, 36 solar cells are connected in series and sealed by lamination on glass, textolite, aluminum. In this case, the elements are located between two layers of sealing film, without an air gap. The technology of vacuum lamination allows to fulfill this requirement. In the case of an air gap between the protective glass and the element, reflection and absorption losses would reach 20-30% compared to 12% without an air gap.

The electrical parameters of the solar cell are presented as an individual solar cell in the form of a current-voltage curve under standard conditions (Standart Test Conditions), i.e., with solar radiation of 1000 W / m², temperature - 25^оC and solar spectrum at latitude 45^о(AM1,5).

The point of intersection of the curve with the stress axis is called the open circuit voltage - U_xx, point of intersection with the axis of currents - short-circuit current I_kz.

The maximum power of the module is defined as the highest power under STC (Standart Test Conditions).

The voltage corresponding to the maximum power is called the maximum power voltage (working voltage - U_p ), and the corresponding current - the maximum power current (operating current - I_p ).

The operating voltage value for a module consisting of 36 cells will thus be about 16…17 V (0,45….0,47 V per cell) at 25^о C.

Such a voltage margin compared to the voltage of a full battery charge (14,4 V) is necessary in order to compensate for losses in the battery charge-discharge controller (it will be discussed later), and mainly to reduce the operating voltage of the module when the module is heated by radiation : The temperature coefficient for silicon is about minus 0,4%/degree (0,002 V/degree for one cell).

It should be noted that the open-circuit voltage of the module does not depend much on the illumination, while the short-circuit current, and, accordingly, the operating current, is directly proportional to the illumination.

Thus, when heated under real operating conditions, the modules are heated to a temperature of 60-70^оC, which corresponds to a shift in the operating voltage point, for example, for a module with an operating voltage of 17 V - from 17 V to 13,7-14,4 V (0,38-0,4 V per element).

Based on all of the above, and it is necessary to approach the calculation of the number of series-connected elements of the module.

Publication: alternativenergy.ru

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