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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Transponder technology for security systems
Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Automobile. Security devices and alarms For the word transponder in the dictionary of radio electronics, there is a translation: "responder". Devices that automatically send a unique identifier in response to an automatic request have long been indispensable in various areas of radio electronics. Failures of transponder systems can lead to unpredictable consequences. For example, US Air Force aircraft are equipped with "transponders" that obediently send their identifiers in response to automatic coded "hints" sent by air defense radars and other structures using radar. I wonder what happens when such a "responder" is faulty? Of course, before something drastic happens, other recognition and identification systems will come into play, but still it's interesting!  Transponder tag (TIRIS technology) in a glass capsule. 2,5 times magnification
We now use the name "transponder" to mean the same non-contact "responders" in car immobilizers made using TIRIS technology: Texas Instruments Registration and Identification System - the registration and identification system of Texas Instruments Corporation. It was this corporation that in 1991 was the first (of the large ones) to seriously engage in low-frequency identification technology. TIRIS transponders can be made both in ROM technology (the code cannot be changed) or EPROM (ie the code can be reprogrammed). Reprogramming is performed by the influence of a strictly specified magnetic field - it is impossible to change or accidentally erase the code with an arbitrary field. ROM transponders (ROM transponders) are much more commonly used - they are smaller, simpler and cheaper. And the functions of storing and erasing codes are transferred to readers. A distinctive feature of modern transponder tags made using this technology is the absence of the need for a power source, unless it is required to significantly increase the range. An example is the Black Bug transponder dynamic immobilizer. The frame receiving-transmitting antenna of the reader ensures the operation of the "proprietary" transponder in the form of a card in which there is no power source - instead, a capacitor is built into the card, charged with the energy of the request from the antenna and gives off its charge to send a response containing, in addition to the data of the exchange protocol, a unique identifier written into the transponder microchip. Currently, transponder immobilizers Saturn Green Bux, Motorola Car Guard, Pearson Carbon, CEL Protector, Clifford Virtual Key, Mister X, Mongoose and others have firmly entered the range of security system installers. Other applications of transponders include access systems for bank employees in Israel, control of fuel dispensing at gas stations in the United States, control of the passage of the marathon in Turin in 1995 (transponders were built into the shoes of all participants) ...    And yet, in the field of transponder application, not only we - the whole world still lags behind Kevin Warwick, professor of cybernetics at the University of Reading (Great Britain). This man, with the help of a small surgical operation, sewed a transponder under his skin - in front of the biceps at the elbow joint. Now, anything electrically switched on and equipped with a transponder reader will only turn on when Kevin is present, from the light in the closet to access to a personal computer. His secretary is the most pleased - readers are installed in all doorways and connected to her computer, which contains a plan of the house. So she always knows what room the professor is in.   Of course, this is just an experiment, but think what prospects it promises! Let's start with our area. As you know, the frequency and signal level of the immobilizer transponder tag are relatively harmless - otherwise Geolink would not have received medical certificates for its products. The only contraindication to the use of such a card is an implanted pacemaker. The same should be the case with a transponder implanted in the soft tissues of the hand or some even softer ones. From a medical point of view, this is even better - the radiation does not penetrate any internal organs, not to mention the brain. Thus, the problem of stealing or seizing a car using a transponder can be solved once and for all, and in two ways. The first is "personal" in nature and is already used in immobilizers. The whole difference is that any keychain or card can be found (anyway, they are already more and more often completely searched before throwing the owner out of the car) - anyone, except for the car owner hidden in the body. The transponder capsule, sewn in by Kevin Warwick, resembles a Coldrex pill in shape, but is slightly longer - about 2 cm. Datatag British security systems (see "12 Volt Master" No. 6/97) use transponder tags the size of a grain of rice. A microchip with a transceiver, an antenna, and a capacitor fit in this volume. Finding such a transponder in the human body is almost impossible. The second method (let's call it "total") has already begun to be implemented in the same Datatag system, the basic principle of which is that all more or less important parts of the car are equipped with transponders that are identified by special readers. The price of a typical configuration is $190. The system is simple: the car is stolen - at the request of the owner, the transponder codes go to the computer bank of stolen cars and parts. Here, disassembling the car does not help, as in the case of Litex. It is impossible to remove ("rearrange") the transponder - it breaks during dismantling. But what neither Litex nor (so far) Datatag can do is detect on the go, or even stop a stolen car. Imagine the situation: you "studded" the rubber with spikes with transponders with the appropriate registration. At the exit from the city (where traffic cops like to block the road, leaving a narrow passage), a frame or ferrite antenna is laid under the asphalt. By reporting to the police the number of the stolen (God forbid, of course!) Car, you are thereby reporting the transponder codes (they are already in the traffic police computer system - correlated with the license plate and automatically transferred to a single memory associated with reader processors). After entering the codes into the category of "hijacked" reader antennas, which can be installed anywhere, receive these codes, the processor recognizes them and turns on the alarm. And you can do it more abruptly - not an alarm, but a barrier or even an automatic "porcupine" (then the spikes "lying" on the asphalt will stand upright). Of course, we imagined a non-optimal case. The transponder can be built into any part of the car even before the sale; any arch, billboard, traffic light, pole, etc. can be used to mount the antenna. - with an increase in the size of the transponder and antenna, the range also increases. In the "practical" version of the transponder and reader, it can already now reach several meters. The only limitation is that the data exchange is fast, but not instantaneous - it takes about 120 milliseconds. During this time, a car moving at a speed of 60 km / h will move 2 meters. In principle, this is acceptable for sufficiently powerful transponders. If not, "strings" of antennas can be constructed. Given enough readers, such a system would successfully replace the KORZ traffic police and other vehicle search systems that use a constantly or periodically (not on demand) transmitted radio signal - this alone is a disadvantage compared to a transponder system that does not require power, although to increase range, we repeat, you can also use the "tag's" own power supply, rather than a capacitor. But for Russia, this is still a dream. In our country, any project that requires capital investments and does not promise profits for government agencies is most often doomed. And what is the profit to the state from the fact that your car is returned to you? The other thing is inspection. Passed - pay and get the appropriate transponder. Did not pass - a barrier. For instrumental control - separate. Catalyst, first aid kit, fire extinguisher - separate. What about speed? Two readers in 50 meters, both signals to the computer, V = S / t - and it's in the bag (in the cap). This is where we would go. And to this locomotive it would be possible to attach the fight against theft, and paid parking, and anything ... Or take the same Kevin Warwick. The man suffered for science (although not much - the operation is trifling, and he wore a transponder for only a month - an experiment, after all), but he developed the concept of a "friendly environment" - so far within his own home or, say, office. Now they dream of replacing the so-called PIN with a transponder code - a personal identification number that is entered, for example, into an ATM to withdraw money from an account. It is impossible to peep or try out such a code. Kevin himself proposes to "sew up" those criminals who have drummed their own, but have restrictions on movement - they are either under house arrest, or they need to check in somewhere regularly, or not to go anywhere at all - for example, once a convicted pedophile is forbidden to appear in places clusters of children. Now "they" already use special non-removable transponder-type bracelets for such control, however, with a power source. So, according to Warwick, for reasons of humanism (so that the boys do not laugh and pride does not suffer), these "marks" must be hidden by stitching! There is only one concern: to prevent the formation of a "black market" for the removal of wired transponders. It is impossible to make them according to the principle of Datatag's - so that they break when removed, after all, the human body. However, biotechnology and biocybernetics are no longer just buzzwords. It is already possible to create devices controlled by human bioelectric impulses, for example, bioprostheses. And these impulses are unique, like papillary patterns. So it will be possible to avoid terrible scenes of the violent separation of the transponder from the "owner" - without the biocurrents characteristic of this person, moreover, alive, unharmed and calm, the transponder will not send the desired answer. It remains only with the help of commercials to drive this into the head of all the "thugs". And of course, the main plus in many "biological" applications of transponders is that you do not need to change batteries. So the cute dreamers from Hollywood can use transponder technology too. And then they show different devices for human self-destruction when escaping from prison (as in the movie "No Escape" and some others) - why such difficulties? Some collars, again antennas, batteries, clogging of the radio. Each one can be sewn "according to merit" with a different degree of freedom - one can only be in a cell, the other can also be in a dining room, workshop, etc. A hundred readers inside, a hundred along the perimeter - and order is ensured, and no one needs to be blown up, except for cinematic drama. In general, to ensure personal freedom or lack of freedom, a transponder is an indispensable thing. Those of us who have lived in this country long enough will surely come up with the idea of a possible total transponderization of the population even in the maternity hospital ... The use of EPROM memory (reprogrammable) opens up especially impressive prospects. Full name, year of birth, m., VIN (excuse me, PIN). The person grows - the code changes. I went to school - the digit of the code has changed. Registered - please under the magnet. I got a job - first we check, then we correct the code. "Wedding dress" turns into "submagnetic". Conviction - under the magnet! I went to Sheremetyevo-2 - let's check, the frame is already there (metal detector), it just needs to be slightly modified. Further, with all the stops ... But what a lot of certificates and certificates you can get rid of - if only the code was more authentic! And what part to read depends on the place where you came. Although long codes are not needed - you can stuff a person with these transponders like peppers with rice. In the personnel department they read from the hand, in the police - from the foot, if you come to receive a diploma - turn your head, pay taxes - ... um, in general, on the contrary. However, we got carried away. Let's get back to reality. The reality for us is Black Bug Super car transponder security systems (let's say for some of us, given the price) and Green Bux type immobilizers - the price on the Gorbushka is about $67. A cool mechanical door lock costs more. The key to such a lock tore the pocket of my installer friend - too heavy and uncomfortable. The wife sewed up the pocket, but it was torn again, and the key was "sown", and even not far from the house. He took this "Green Bucks" with a loop antenna (modification "C"), stuck it under the upholstery of a metal door (outside, of course), isolated it from the metal. I installed an electric lock, "made the necessary connections" with a simple modification (12-volt power supply, relay). "Mikrik" was not too lazy to lead to the entrance door, he installed the second one in parallel under the same upholstery - they play the role of ignition circuit breakers. As you know, the Green Bux antenna sends requests within a minute after the ignition is turned on. Since Volodya lives on the first floor, this minute is enough for him to go to the door. He hung the keychain around his neck next to the cross. Fits to the door - click! - opened. The Valet button was adapted into a doorbell. If you want - just call, and if necessary (I forgot the key fob or someone "friend" came without a key fob), call up a personal code - for this, there is a microswitch hidden in the upholstery. Inside the door there is a reed switch, as in stationary security systems. He entered, closed the door - the "ignition" turned off, after five seconds the lock was locked. Like that, I liked it. Only the keychain was changed to a card so that the upholstery would not be "kissed". Well, since such a thing, I dug up a dismantled "Green Bucks" without a card at work, put it in the car - it still drags the card. Then somehow the light in the hallway hooked up to this system, which is at the front door. Now something else is brewing. Weak? Publication: cxem.net
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