The principle of operation of a mini-hydroelectric power station. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

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The principle of operation of a micro hydroelectric power station is that its hydraulic structures provide the necessary pressure of water supplied to the blades of a hydroturbine, which drives a generator that generates electricity. This water pressure is formed by derivation - a natural flow of water (if it is a diversion type of micro hydroelectric power station) or a dam (if it is a dam type).

The technical parameters of a micro hydroelectric power station depend on the hydrotechnical conditions:

• from the flow of water - the volume of water in liters (or in cubic meters) passing through the turbine in 1 second;
• from pressure - the distance from the upper to the lower point of the fall of water on the turbine (Fig. 4). Depending on the characteristics of the head, high-pressure, medium-pressure and low-pressure micro HPPs are divided.

Fig.4. Head value

Also, the device of a micro hydroelectric power station depends on the layout of its location. Figure 5 shows a pressure micro hydroelectric power station of the diversion type. The principle of its operation is that water is discharged along a diversion channel with a slight slope and the required water pressure is achieved due to the length of the channel. Further, water is supplied through a pressure pipeline to a hydraulic unit located below, after which the used water is returned back to the river.

Fig.5. Pressure micro HPP with a diversion channel

Figure 6 below shows a micro HPP without a diversion channel. Its difference from a hydroelectric power station with a diversion channel lies in the fact that the necessary pressure is achieved due to natural conditions - a large slope of the riverbed. Water is fed directly from the water intake facility through the pressure basin into the pipeline.

Fig.6. Pressure micro HPP without diversion channel

In some cases, micro HPPs are constructed by building a dam in the path of a river or stream (Fig. 7). This allows you to solve two problems:

1. achieving the required pressure by raising the water to the required height;
2. regulation of the flow and regime of water (which in the above examples is solved by means of a pressure basin).

The water accumulated in this small reservoir then works according to the same principle - water is supplied to the hydroelectric unit through a pressure pipeline.

Fig.7. Micro hydro power plant with a dam

It is also possible to build a small micro hydroelectric power station on an irrigation canal (Fig. 8). A prerequisite is a high flow rate (rapid flow). The equipment itself occupies part of the channel, the turbine is completely submerged in water and passes part of the flow through itself, the rest of the water passes through the bypass channel of the micro HPP.

Fig.8. Micro HPP on an irrigation canal

Under the condition of low pressure (starting from 1,5 meters), but sufficient water flow, it is possible to install a low-pressure hydroelectric power station with a vertical shaft, with a capacity of up to 1-3 kW, as shown in Figure 9. This design using a Kaplan-type low-pressure hydro turbine, with a vertical shaft and synchronous generator. Such micro HPPs consist of the following hydraulic structures:

• water intake;
• gate-regulator;
• diversion channel;
• tray;
• suction pipe;
• spillway.

Fig.9. Low-pressure micro hydro power plant with suction pipe

Fig.9-1 Micro HPP with a capacity of 1000 W on the Chon-Kyzyl-Suu River (Jety-Oguz district)

Speaking about the arrangement of hydraulic turbines (vertical or horizontal), you need to know that it depends on the flow parameters (pressure and water flow) and the type of turbine. In summary, we can say that:

• the horizontal arrangement of the hydroturbine leads to an increase in the size of the micro hydroelectric power station as a whole (due to the length of the turbine shaft and the rotational energy transmission system, an increase in the size of the turbine hall, etc.), but in general, this simplifies the construction of the micro hydroelectric power station (Fig. 10).
• the vertical arrangement of the hydraulic turbine allows to achieve better axial balancing of the unit and significantly reduce the size of the micro hydroelectric power station itself, but at the same time, this scheme is more demanding on the installation of the hydraulic turbine (precise balancing of the axis of rotation) and on the supporting foundation of the unit (strict horizontal position of the working floor and its strength characteristics, allowing to withstand the weight of the hydraulic unit), as well as significant axial pressure on the structure (Fig. 11).

Fig.10. Scheme of a micro hydroelectric power station with a horizontal arrangement of the hydroelectric unit

Fig.10-1. Micro HPP with a capacity of 5 kW near the village of Chon-Sary-Oi on the Orto-Koy-Suu river

Fig.11 Scheme of a hydraulic unit with a vertical arrangement in the village of Balbay, Tyup district

Authors: Kartanbaev B.A., Zhumadilov K.A., Zazulsky A.A.

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