Installations for biofuel combustion. Solid waste incinerators. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering
Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Alternative energy sources
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Solid industrial and domestic waste of cities contains waste paper, packaging material waste, wood, fabrics, food waste, glass, etc. Landfills for their placement occupy large areas, are sources of toxic and foul-smelling gases, and are fire hazardous. In St. Petersburg, landfills dispose of about 4,5 million m3 of solid waste per year. Waste contains various harmful substances: arsenic, mercury, cadmium, lead, organic toxins, dioxins, etc. These pollutants enter the groundwater with rainwater.
Solid waste incinerators have been developed in a number of countries. In Japan they burn up to 80%, in Sweden - about 60%. The calorific value of solid urban waste varies within 7.12 MJ/kg.
Consider a waste incinerator developed in the USA without prior sorting and shredding, with a maximum size of individual objects up to 1 m (Fig. 5.4). The moisture content in the waste is on average 23%, inert substances and ash - 20%. Used oils, plastics, waste from chemical laboratories, uncut tires and other rubber products, and sludge from urban sewage can be added to the waste.
Fig.5.4. Scheme of installation for incineration of solid waste: 1 - gasifier; 2 - primary combustion zone; 3 - air supply; 4 - pyrolysis zone; 5 - drying zone; 6 - waste supply; 7 - introduction of waste; 8 - boot device; 9 - gas outlet; 10 - secondary air supply; 11 - promotion of dried waste; 12 - promotion of combustible volatile gases; 13 - zone of afterburning of combustible volatiles; 14 - discharge of molten slag; 15 - removal of residual slag
Solid waste is fed into the gasifier 1 by the loading device 8 through the hopper 7. The level of waste in the apparatus is maintained constant. The waste layer 6 moves under the action of its own weight into the drying zone 5 and further into the pyrolysis (thermal decomposition) zone 4. Combustion air heated to a temperature of about 1000 ° C is supplied to the lower part of the gasifier through the pipe 3. In the zone of burning coke residue and melting non-combustible components 2, liquid slag is formed, which is continuously removed from the apparatus through a hydraulic seal into a cooled receiver 14.
The gas stream leaving the gasifier carries away up to 90% of the heat from solid waste combustion. The main components of the gas flow - CO, CO2H2, hydrocarbons and water vapor. The heat of combustion of these gases is at the level of 5,7 MJ/nm. The gases are burned in the secondary combustion chamber 13, the combustion air is supplied through the branch pipe 10. The temperature of 1150...1300 is maintained in the secondary combustion chamber.2C. Suspended non-combustible particles of the gas stream melt, forming liquid slag, discharged through the drain system 15.
To heat the air supplied to the apparatus, regenerative heaters are used, using up to 15% of the volume flow of exhaust gases. The remaining 85% is sent to the boiler house, which produces saturated steam with a pressure of up to 6 MPa. Outgoing gases from the boiler house and the regenerative air heating system have a temperature of 260°C. They enter the gas cleaning system, which includes electrostatic precipitators and scrubbers. After cleaning, flue gases contain about 70% N2, 10% CO2.5% O2 and 15% water vapor. The slag is a vitreous black mass containing toxic substances. They have a volume about 10 times less than the original volume of solid waste and can be used for road construction.
The first unit of this type was put into operation in the USA in the 70s. It processed 68 tons of solid waste per day. Similar installations were introduced later in Luxembourg, France, Germany. Thermal decomposition and slagging of solid waste, in addition to using additional energy resources, also solves the environmentally important problem of reducing the area under urban landfills and polluting atmospheric air and groundwater.
Author: Labeish V.G.
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