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CHILDREN'S SCIENTIFIC LABORATORY
Astronomical instruments of Nicolaus Copernicus. Children's Science Lab
Directory / Children's Science Lab parallax instrument consists of three rulers, two of which are equal in length and have at least four cubits, and the third is somewhat longer. This last and one of the first rulers are connected to the edges of the third by means of a precisely drilled hole, into which axles or pegs are inserted, adapted so that both rulers, moving in the same plane, stagger very little in their joints.
On the ruler (AC), a straight line is cut along the entire length, on which a length equal to the distance between the joints is laid out in the most accurate way. This length is divided into a thousand or more (if possible) equal parts, and the division continues in the same parts and further until it reaches 1414 parts, subtracting the side of a square that can be inscribed in a circle whose radius is a thousand parts. Then on the ruler (BC) a line is drawn equal to the thousand parts mentioned or the distance between the centers of the connections. On the side of it are optic tubes attached to it, as in diopters, through which the line of sight can pass. They must be so coordinated with each other that their holes deviate very little from the line drawn on the length of the ruler, but are at the same distance from it. Care must also be taken that this line, stretched with its end to a longer ruler, can touch a divided straight line on it so that all these rulers would form an isosceles triangle, the base of which was a straight line divided into parts. After that, a smoothly planed stake with a regular cruciform section is installed and strengthened; the described tool is attached to it with a ruler, on which both bonds are located; this is done with the help of some kind of loops in which it could rotate, however, so that the straight line passing through the centers of the holes always stands exactly on a plumb line and goes to the pole of the horizon, representing, as it were, the axis of the latter. If it is required to determine the distance of some luminary from the pole of the horizon, then we point the tubes of the moving ruler at this luminary. By moving a ruler with a divided straight line from below, we can determine how many parts contract the angle enclosed between the line of sight and the axis of the horizon. Knowing that the diameter of a circle has 20 thousand such parts, according to the table of chords, we obtain the desired arc of the great circle between the luminary and the pole of the horizon. Quadrant. "... A quadrangle is being prepared from wood or, better, from some other harder material - stone or metal, so that a tree sensitive to weather changes cannot introduce an observer into error. One of the surfaces of this quadrangle must be aligned in the most careful way and have sufficient for marking divisions as wide as three or four cubits. From one corner, as from the center, a quarter circle is described as large as this corner can accommodate. It is divided into 90 equal parts, which are then subdivided each into 60 minutes, or as much as possible Then a cylindrical, very well-turned gnomon is attached in the center so that, being perpendicular to this surface, it rises slightly above it, perhaps a finger's width or even less.
When this instrument is ready, the meridian line should be drawn on a paved area in a horizontal plane, carefully leveled. Further on this line, as on a foundation, the plane of the built instrument is advanced and fixed along a plumb line with the center facing noon. The straight line coming out of it should be exactly perpendicular to the meridian line. Thus, the plane of the instrument will pass through the meridian circle." armillary sphere. "Two circles or tetrahedral arcs of circles are made so that with their flat sides, or cheeks, they intersect at right angles two surfaces - convex and concave. They should be the same and similar in all parts and of suitable size, not too large to be with them it was convenient to handle ... Their width and thickness should be at least a thirtieth part of the diameter.These circles are joined together and fixed at right angles, and the concave and convex parts should coincide, as if they belonged to the roundness of one ball. Of these circles, one will represent the circle of the zodiac, and the other will take the place of that which passes through both poles, namely the equinoctial circle and the zodiac.The circle representing the zodiac is divided laterally into equal parts - usually 360, which are then subdivided in turn, as far as the instrument allows. on another circle (putting aside the quadrants from the zodiac) the poles of the zodiac are outlined; then from them, at a distance corresponding to the inclination of the zodiac, the poles of the equinoctial circle are plotted.
After this is done, two other circles are prepared - the outer and the inner, having the same poles with the zodiac, around which they move. The circles should have the same thickness between both planes, and the widths of their cheeks should be similar to the first; they must be adjusted there so that the concave surface of the larger everywhere touches the convex surface of the zodiac, and vice versa - the convexity of the smaller adjoins the bent surface of the latter, but still so that there is no interference with their rotation and they can easily and freely pass the zodiac and meridian, as well as each other. These circles at the poles of the zodiac, we will carefully drill through the diameter and insert the axes with which they will be connected and around which they will rotate. The inner circle is also divided into 360 equal parts, so that there are ninety of them in each quadrant up to the poles. In addition, another circle should be placed in its concavity - the fifth in a row, rotating in the same plane, to the cheeks of which protrusions with diopters should be attached in diameter. "They should be located along the diameter of the circle, to which on both sides small protrusions are adapted, as indicators of the divisions of a circle for observing latitudes.Finally, a sixth circle is attached, which covers the entire instrument and supports the astrolabe suspended at the poles of the equator.This circle is placed on some column and supported by it in a position perpendicular to the horizontal plane. If its poles are placed in accordance with the inclination of the celestial sphere, then it will occupy a position corresponding to the natural meridian, and should deviate as little as possible from it. Prepared by: Z. Sokolovskaya, Senior Researcher, Institute of History, Natural Sciences and Technology, USSR Academy of Sciences, Candidate of Technical Sciences
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