Digital integrated circuit. Scheme, description

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Digital integrated circuit. Radio - for beginners

Radio - for beginners

What is a modern digital integrated circuit? A miniature electronic unit containing in its case transistors, diodes, resistors and other active and passive elements electrically connected according to a certain scheme, the total number of which can reach several tens and even hundreds of thousands! Depending on this number, microcircuits of small and medium degrees of integration, large and extra-large microcircuits are distinguished. Digital microcircuits of a small degree of integration can contain up to 100, and extra-large - 100 thousand or more active and passive elements.

One microcircuit can perform the function of a whole block of a measuring instrument, a microcalculator, an automatic control device for the production process, a node of an electronic computer (computer). For example, the "mechanism" of an electronic wrist watch that displays the current time in hours, minutes and seconds, days of the week and months, working simultaneously as a stopwatch, alarm clock, and sometimes also as a microcalculator, consists of only one specially designed large microcircuit. Thanks to digital microcircuits, modern computers, as computers are increasingly being called, are 300 thousand times smaller in size compared to their "ancestors", but they work 10 thousand times faster, moreover, they are more reliable and consume much less energy.

The basis of the description and logic of the operation of digital microcircuits is the binary number system, built on only two digits - one (1) and zero (0). Hence the generalized name of logical elements, triggers, pulse counters and many other integrated circuits and all kinds of instruments and devices created on their basis - digital. These two digits of the binary number system allow you to write and "remember" almost any number. For example, the number 25 of the decimal number system familiar to us, written in binary, looks like this: 11001. Here, each position of the number, which can be represented as electrical impulses, corresponds to one of two logical states - logical 1 or logical 0. Especially convenient such a system of encoding information turned out to be for programming and operation of computers.

With regard to electrical signals that carry this or that digital information, the binary number system also corresponds to two states or two conditional electrical levels: high, that is, more positive, and low - less positive (or even negative) voltage. If the high-level voltage is considered as logic 1, and the low-level voltage as logic 0, then such logic is called positive. With negative logic, on the contrary, a high level voltage is taken as a logic O, and a low level is taken as a logic 1. In this book, only positive logic microcircuits are considered.

But in practice it is impossible to fulfill the condition under which all digital signals would have the same voltage levels. Therefore, taking into account the possible tolerances, the properties of digital microcircuits, electrical impulses that carry information are characterized by certain voltage intervals. So, for example, for microcircuits of the K155, K133 series, for a low level corresponding to logical 0, the signal voltage is from 0 to 0,4 V, i.e. no more than 0,4 V, and for a high level corresponding to the level of logical 1, - not less than 2,4 V and not more than the supply voltage for which they are designed - 5V. For microcircuits of other series, these level limits can be somewhat smaller or, conversely, large, but unchanged for each series.

Most of the experiments, experiments, various devices and devices described in this book are designed to use them mainly with microcircuits of the K155 and K176 series - it is their radio amateurs who are most widely used in the generators they design, gaming and signaling machines, electronic clocks, measuring instruments, including with digital counting of results of measurement or time. You will have to design similar devices and devices.

However, practical acquaintance with the basics of digital technology should, we believe, begin with the K155 series microcircuits, as the most accessible to radio amateurs and, no less important, not requiring special precautions when working with them.

The K155 series includes about 100 microcircuits of various degrees of integration and functionality. These are various triggers, pulse counters, digital code converters, decoders, etc. Many of them are based on the so-called logical elements - electronic devices that implement the simplest functions of the logic algebra. From them we begin to acquaint you with the device and operation of digital microcircuits.

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